3.
Antibacterial Activity Of Plant Extracts Against Antibiotic Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Their Cytotoxicity Profile
by Hafiza Farah Asghar (2010-VA-276) | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common opportunistic pathogen of respiratory tract
and cause both hospital and community acquired infections. For the treatment of
infections antibiotics are used but due to random selection of commonly used antibiotics,
resistance in P. aeruginosa has developed. This problem may leads to the high morbidity
and mortality rate. Different medicinal plants have antibacterial activity in their
secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are terpens, flavonoids, alkaloids and
alcohols etc. So the plant extract could be the alternative therapy for the treatment to
reduce the antibiotic resistance problem.
Isolates of P. aeruginosa was procured from the main clinical laboratory of Mayo
Hospital, Lahore and identified biochemically according to bergey’s manual of
determinative bacteriology. Antibiotic resistance pattern of identified P. aeruginosa was
evaluated by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion assay against selected antibiotics includes
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, meropenem and imipenem. Measure the zone of inhibition
and isolates marked as resistant, intermediate and sensitive. Resistant strains were
alienated for further evaluation.
Leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) and Calotropis procera
(apple of Sodom) proceed for extraction and the plant extracts was obtained by using
solvent chloroform and ethanol. Percentage yield of both plant extract was calculated.
High percentage yield was obtained from Eucalyptus globulus and less percentage yield
was gained from Calotropis procera in comparison The obtained extract was dried and
the resultant material was used in well diffusion assay to evaluate the antibiotic
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
66
sensitivity of resistant P. aeruginosa against selected plants. Stock of plant extracts was
prepared by dissolving 1g of plant extract in 1ml of DMSO. Well diffusion assay was
performed and zones were measured in millimeter and categorized as resistant, sensitive
and intermediate. Isolates that are susceptible to plant extracts were separated and
Minimum inhibitory concentration of susceptible isolates was determined by broth micro
dilution assay and cytotoxicity profiling was done by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-
diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell survival percentage was
calculated.
Data recorded during the study was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s test using the SPSS statistical software program.
Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2545-T] (1).
4.
Comparative Quality Evaluation Of Raw And Pasteurized Milk
by Hafiza Saima Ghaffar (2009-VA-230) | Dr. Imran Altaf | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Sana Ullah Iqbal.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: This particular project was designed to evaluate the overall quality of raw and pasteurized milk available at different areas of Lahore. The parameter which was checked includes microbiological analysis, adulterants, physicochemical properties and the effect of temperature on vitamin C in milk samples. Raw samples were collected from ten different towns of Lahore, whereas pasteurized milk samples belong to ten different brands. Ten samples were collected under control conditions from animals in sterilized containers.
For microbiological analysis four parameters were selected including total plate count (TPC), total coliform count (TCC), total psychrotrophic count (TPSC) and total yeast and mold count (TYMC) whereas, different adulterants like adulteration test was done such as urea, starch, hydrogen peroxide, detergent or soap, sorbitol, quaternary ammonium compound, boric acid, cane sugar, sodium chloride, formalin and hypochlorite were checked by using the milk adulteration kit in QOL. Milk contains casein and whey proteins. Whey protein being added in the milk to increase its density which is considers being an adulterant. In this project whey protein was estimated in all milk samples by titration method. Physicochemical characteristics of milk are an important parameter to judge the quality of milk. These physicochemical properties include fat%, SNF%, density kg/m3, lactose%, solid/ash, protein% and pH. Physicochemical properties were evaluated mechanically by Milkoscan. Heat treatment is an important method to reduce the microbiological contamination of milk. These treatments may include pasteurization and UHT etc. During the heat treatment some of the micronutrients may deteriorate thus compromising the quality of milk. Vitamin C is among those heat labile micronutrients. Vitamin C was checked quantitatively in market and self-collected samples by using titration method.
It was concluded that total plate count TPC, TCC, TPSC and TYMC of raw milk samples were above the standard value indicating the poor quality of the milk. As far as the pasteurized milk samples were concerned ninety percent of the samples showing higher values for TCC, TPSC and TYMC. Total plate counts of all self-collected raw milk from a healthy animal were found within the standard value. Counts were in range of 3.8x 103 – 8.9x103 CFU/mL of all milk samples. TPC of all self-collected raw milk from a healthy animal were found within the standard TCC were found within permissible value (102 CFU/mL .TPSC were negative for all milk samples. TYMC were in range of 2.6x101 -7.2x101 CFU/mL. Among milk samples (n=10), three samples (30%) were positive for TYMC were while remaining samples (70%) were negative and showed no growth.
Physicochemical factor show that 50 percent of raw milk have low nutritional value as compared to the standards which are buffalo and cow milk contains 7.6, 4.5% fat, 3.8, 3.8 % protein, 5.1, 4.9% lactose, 0.78, 0.72% ash and 17.0, 13.9% total solid respectively. In raw milk mean of fat (%), solid not fat (%), lactose (%), Solid/ash (0%), protein(%) and pH were 4.50±0.03, 7.915±0.06, 23.05±0.055, 3.893±0.06, 3.85±0.05, and6.9±0.0.02 respectively. In pasteurized milk mean value for fat, SNF, lactose, ash, protein and pH were 3.48 ±0.13, 7.24±0.10, 3.60±0.05,0.5 ±0.06, 2.82±0.05, 7.2±0.20 respectively. Pasteurized milk is good for consumption.
Different adulterant such as urea, starch, hydrogen peroxide, Sorbitol, QAC, Boric acid, Cane sugar, NaCl, Carbonate, Formalin, hypochlorite, whey protein, Added water and soap /detergents were evaluated in all milk samples. Among these adulterant water (66%) was found in majority of milk samples, followed by whey protein (15%), starch (13%), (10%) NaCl and
(8%) cane sugar were detected in raw milk samples. n Pasteurized milk samples only added water (49%) and whey protein (31%) was detected.
Among the raw milk samples the maximum and minimum concentration of vitamin C was observed 0.33±0.02 and 3.33 ±0.02 mg/100ml and for pasteurized milk maximum and minimum concentration of vitamin C was observed 2.54mg/100ml and 0.32 ±0.02 mg/100ml respectively. In self- collected samples the minimum and maximum concentration of vitamin C was observed 5.25±0.02 and 8.34 ±0.04 mg/100ml respectively and after pasteurization in laboratory minimum and maximum concentration of vitamin C was observed 3.48±0.04 and 5.83 ±0.02 mg/100ml respectively. These observations had showed that pasteurization treatment decreased Vitamin C quantity. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2536-T] (1).
5.
Isolation, Molecular Identification And Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Of Salmonella Enterica From Fancy Birds
by Aqeela Kousar (2010-VA-303) | Mr. Muhammad Asad Ali | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Salmonellosis is a disease with serious health issues related to food borne illness and
most of world’s population is suffering from it. Early diagnosis in case is very important for
treatment of disease. Salmonellosis may hidden as a carrier state, acts as zoonotic components
for transmission of disease. Therefore the test with more diagnostic value needs to be developed
like Polymerase chain reaction after culturing and microbiological examination.Salmonella
enterica infections continue to pose a significant risk for poultry industry and fancy birds.
Salmonella infections have been controlled by antibiotics but in recent times antibiotic resistance
in microorganisms especially in Salmonella is a global health issue. Antibiotic resistant
Salmonella has further compounded the problem. Poultry isolate of Salmonella enterica (n=150)
were procured from Jallo park, Safari park and household pets which are taken to Pet Centre
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore then brought to Department of
microbiology UVAS Lahore and identified by biochemical testing, morphology, staining
characters and genus specific PCR. Antibiotic Susceptibility was checked by disc diffusion
method against amoxicillin (30μg), ampicillin (10μg), cefixime (5μg), , ceftazidime (30μg),
ceftriaxone (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), gentamicin (10μg), nalidixic acid and tetracycline
(30μg) and resistant pattern was 100 % in ampicillin and tetracycline and 41.18% and 58.82% %
in gentamicin and ciprofloxacin respectively while antibiotic show 0% resistance. Fancy birds
are carriers of drug resistant Salmonellae.
A total of 150 samples collected from Zoo Lahore, safari park and household pet fancy
birds each of n=50. Samples will enriched by non-selective and selective media, After isolation
on selective media macroscopic, biochemical analysis and microscopic examination done. DNA
Summary
53
extracted from culture isolated from cloacal swabs and polymerase chain reaction performed
using primers. Amplication will be observed using Agarose gel electrophoresis.
Research highlighted the prevalence of Salmonella in fancy birds and its possibility of
transmission to human beings. Research also provided data on antibiotic resistance in
Salmonellae from fancy birds and its possible role in ever increasing problem of antibiotic
resistance. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2615-T] (1).
